Everything about Brookings Institute totally explained
The
Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in
Washington, D.C. One of Washington's oldest
think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development. Their stated mission is to "provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security and opportunity of all Americans and; secure a more open, safe, prosperous and cooperative international system."
Media descriptions of Brookings range from
liberal to
centrist;
^ however, despite its left-of-center reputation, some U.S. pundits have criticized the work of Brookings' foreign policy scholars for being too supportive of
Bush administration positions.
The organization's president,
Strobe Talbott was
United States Deputy Secretary of State under President
Clinton. Brookings employs five research vice presidents: Carlos Pascual (former U.S. ambassador to
Ukraine and senior director on the
National Security Council staff), Lael Brainard (a former White House Deputy National Economic Adviser and Chair of the Deputy Secretaries Committee on International Economics during the Clinton Administration),
William Gale (a former senior staff economist for the
Council of Economic Advisers under
President Bush), Bruce Katz, and Pietro Nivola.
Publications
Brookings as an institution produces an Annual Report. The Brookings Institution Press publishes books and journals from the institution's own research as well as authors outside the organization. The books and journals they publish include
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, Globalphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade, India: Emerging Power, Through Their Eyes, Taking the High Road, Masses in Flight and
Stalemate to name a few. In addition, books, papers, articles, reports, policy briefs and opinion pieces are produced by Brookings research programs, centers, projects and, for the most part, by experts.
Policy influence
Brookings claims to have contributed to the creation of the
United Nations, the
Marshall Plan, the
Congressional Budget Office, as well as influencing policies of deregulation, broad-based tax reform, welfare reform, and foreign aid. and the third most-cited of all public policy institutes by Members of Congress, behind only the
Heritage Foundation and the
American Civil Liberties Union. In a 1997 survey of congressional staff and journalists, Brookings ranked as the second-most influential and first in credibility among 27 think tanks. More over, “Brookings and its researchers are not so concerned, in their work, in affecting the ideological direction of the nation” and rather tend “to be staffed by researchers with strong academic credentials.”
Political stance
As a
501(c)(3) non-profit organization, Brookings describes itself as independent and non-partisan. Media descriptions of Brookings range from
liberal to
centrist. The
New York Times has referred to the organization as liberal, liberal-centrist, and centrist.
The Washington Post sometimes describes Brookings as liberal. The
Los Angeles Times describes Brookings as liberal-leaning and centrist. In 1977,
Time Magazine described them as the "nation's pre-eminent liberal think tank." The organization is described as centrist by the progressive media watchdog group
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting.
Some liberals argue that despite its left-of-center reputation, Brookings foreign policy scholars have been overly supportive of
Bush administration policies abroad. The Brookings Board of Trustees include prominent Republicans such as
Kenneth Duberstein, a former chief of staff to
Ronald Reagan, and prominent Democrats, such as former Treasury Secretary
Lawrence Summers. Its scholars include former government officials hailing from both Democratic and Republican administrations, as well as many who have not served in government and don't advertise a party affiliation.
History
Brookings was founded in
1916 as the Institute for Government Research (IGR), which they claim was "the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level."
The Institution's founder,
philanthropist Robert S. Brookings (
1850–
1932), originally financed the formation of three organizations: the Institute for Government Research, the Institute of Economics, and the Robert Brookings Graduate School. The three were merged into the Brookings Institution in 1927.
During the
Great Depression economists at Brookings embarked on a large scale study commissioned by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt to understand the underlying causes of the depression. Brookings' first president Harold Moulton and other Brookings' scholars later led an effort to oppose President Roosevelt's
New Deal policies because they thought such measures were impeding economic recovery. With the outbreak of
World War II, Brookings researchers turned their attention to aiding the administration with a series of studies on mobilization.
In 1948, Brookings was asked to submit a plan for the administration of the European Recovery Program. The resulting organization scheme assured that the
Marshall Plan was run carefully and on a businesslike basis.
In 1952, Robert Calkins succeeded Moulton as president of the Brookings Institution. He secured grants from the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations that put the Institution on a strong financial basis. He reorganized the Institution around the Economic Studies, Government Studies, and Foreign Policy Progams. In 1957, the Institution moved from Jackson Avenue to a new research center near
Dupont Circle on Massachusetts Avenue.
Kermit Gordon assumed the presidency of Brookings in 1967. He began a series of studies of program choices for the federal budget in 1969 entitled "Setting National Priorities". He also expanded the Foreign Policy Studies Program to include research in national security and defense. After the election of
Richard Nixon to the presidency in 1968, the relationship between the Brookings Institution and the White House deteriorated. Yet throughout the 1970s, Brookings was offered more federal research contracts than it could handle.
By the 1980s, the Institution faced an increasingly competitive and ideologically charged intellectual environment. The need to reduce the federal budget deficit became a major research theme as well as investigating problems with national security and government inefficiency. Bruce MacLaury, fourth president of Brookings, also established the Center for Public Policy Education to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs.
In 1995,
Michael Armacost became the fifth president of the Brookings Institution and led an effort to refocus the Institution's mission heading into the 21st Century. Under Armacost's direction, Brookings created several interdisciplinary research centers such as the Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, which has brought attention to the plight of cities, and the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, which brings together specialists from different Asian countries to examine regional problems.
Strobe Talbott became president of Brookings in 2002. Shortly thereafter, Brookings launched the Saban Center for Middle East Policy and the John L. Thornton China Center. In July 2007, the Institution announced the creation of the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform to be directed by senior fellow
Mark McClellan.
Named to Nixon's "Enemies List"
During the administration of President
Richard M. Nixon, Brookings was named to Nixon's famous
enemies list, due to its criticism of Nixon's domestic and foreign policies. Nixon-administration advisor
Charles Colson even proposed firebombing the Brookings Institution and stealing politically damaging documents while firefighters put the fire out.
Organization
Brookings focuses on five main areas of research: Economic Studies, Foreign Policy, Governance, Global Economy and Development, and Metropolitan Policy.
The five main research programs are:
Policy centers include the following:
Brown Center on Education Policy
Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies
Center for Children and Families
Center on Social and Economic Dynamics
Center on the United States and Europe
Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform
John L. Thornton China Center
Saban Center for Middle East Policy
Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center
The Wolfensohn Center
Operational centers include the following:
Brookings Doha Center
Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy
Non-research programs include the following:
Brookings Center for Executive Education
Brookings Institution Press
In September 2006, Brookings announced the founding of The John L. Thornton China Center, a major new center focused on the study of Chinese politics and policy, with support from former President and COO of Goldman Sachs John L. Thornton. In November 2006, Brookings announced the opening of its first-ever overseas center, the Brookings-Tsinghua Center at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China. In July 2007, the Institution announced the creation of the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform to be directed by senior fellow Mark McClellan and the opening of the Brookings Doha Center in Qatar.
Members
Brookings currently has over 140 resident and nonresident scholars. Some of Brookings' notable resident scholars:
Ivo H. Daalder, Foreign Policy Studies
Kenneth Dam, Economic Studies
E.J. Dionne, Governance Studies
Gregg Easterbrook, Economic Studies, Governance Studies]
Joshua M. Epstein, Economic Studies, Center on Social and Economic Dynamics
William G. Gale, Economic Studies, Tax Policy Center
Philip H. Gordon, Foreign Policy Studies
Ron Haskins, Economic Studies
Stephen Hess, Media and Public Affairs, George Washington University
Bruce Katz, Metropolitan policy
Mark McClellan, Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform
Michael O'Hanlon, expert on terrorism and foreign affairs
Carlos Pascual, Foreign Policy Studies
Alice Rivlin, United States budget process
Susan E. Rice, Foreign Policy Studies
Peter Rodman, Foreign Policy Studies
David B. Sandalow, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies, former Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.
Previous scholars include Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Political Affairs at the UN Ibrahim Gambari. Stéphane Dion, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition also served as a senior research fellow.
Funders
At the end of 2004 the Brookings Institution had assets of $258 million. It spent $39.7 million in that year. According to its annual report, the largest contributors in that year included the Pew Charitable Trusts, the MacArthur Foundation, and the Carnegie Corporation; the governments of the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Others can be found listed at mediatransparency.org.
Further Information
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